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Where Languages Go to Die — and Why It Matters
What vanishing tongues reveal about culture, memory, and change.
Philip Saparov
May 20, 2025
In partnership with
Greetings, curious mind,
The world feels more connected than ever. But quietly, something precious is slipping away. Every 40 days, a language dies — and with it, a way of seeing, thinking, and remembering that no one else can replace.
In this issue, we explore where languages are disappearing, where they’re coming back, and what this quiet shift means for culture, memory, and identity in a fast-changing world.
It’s a story few are talking about — but one worth knowing. Let’s dive in.
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An invisible extinction is sweeping the globe — and few are noticing.
Roughly 7,000 languages are spoken today — but nearly half are expected to vanish within this century. Many of these are spoken by small, rural, or Indigenous communities across Africa, Asia, and South America.
In 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea, a country with more than 800 languages, shifts in education and migration are leading younger generations to abandon ancestral tongues in favor of English or Tok Pisin.
In 🇦🇺 northern Australia, Aboriginal languages are vanishing at one of the fastest rates globally. The average number of speakers for many Indigenous languages there? Fewer than 100.
And in 🇺🇸 North America, linguistic decline among Native American communities continues, despite regional preservation efforts.
🔍 By the numbers: According to UNESCO, one language disappears every 40 days, often without being recorded or archived.
When a language dies, so does a unique way of seeing the world.
Languages encode not just communication, but also ecological knowledge, philosophy, and social structure. Many endangered languages have no written form, making them repositories of oral histories, botanical classification, and navigational systems.
For instance, certain Amazonian languages contain dozens of words for different kinds of rain, each tied to specific signs in nature. Others use direction-based grammar, orienting speakers spatially in ways unknown to most modern tongues.
When these languages disappear, it’s not just heritage that vanishes — it’s insight into how humans interact with the environment and understand time, space, and relationships.
🔎 Cognitive twist: Studies show that different languages affect how speakers perceive time, numbers, and even emotion — meaning we may be losing not just sounds, but thought systems.
In remote villages and quiet homes, some people speak languages no one else knows.
Across the world, hundreds of languages are now spoken by just one remaining person. These “last speakers” carry in their memories centuries of history, worldview, and meaning. When they go, a language — often undocumented — vanishes forever.
One of the most well-known cases is Marie Smith Jones in 🇺🇸 Alaska, the last fluent speaker of Eyak, who passed away in 2008.
In 🇺🇸 Oregon, Gladys Thompson was the final speaker of the Upper Chinook dialect known as Kiksht.
Some last speakers collaborate with linguists to preserve their language. Others quietly stop speaking, knowing no one else will respond.
🔍 Striking fact: As of 2023, over 200 languages worldwide are known to have just one living speaker — making every effort to document them a race against time.
This graph shows the number of languages in each country that have only one known remaining speaker:
Not all language loss is permanent — some are finding new life.
🇮🇱 Hebrew is the most famous revival, going from near extinction to the national language of Israel in less than a century.
🌺 Hawaiian, once suppressed in schools, now has over 20 immersion programs, helping children grow up fluent once again.
🇳🇿 In New Zealand, Te Reo Māori is increasingly spoken at home and in public life — supported by media, schools, and government.
These comebacks often stem from a mix of political will, community pride, and educational reform. While not all endangered languages can be fully revived, these examples show what’s possible.
🔎 Curious case: The 🏴 Cornish language of southwest England was declared extinct in the 18th century. Today, it’s taught in schools, spoken at festivals, and even used in official signage.
Home to more than 2,000 languages, Africa may be facing its greatest loss yet.
Africa is the most linguistically diverse continent, yet language loss is accelerating. Urbanization, economic migration, and former colonial languages like English, French, and Portuguese are pushing out smaller tongues.
In 🇳🇬 Nigeria, over 500 languages are spoken — but dozens are now considered critically endangered. Similar patterns appear in 🇨🇲 Cameroon, 🇸🇩 Sudan, and 🇰🇪 Kenya.
Some countries are responding. 🇿🇦 South Africa officially recognizes 11 languages. In 🇸🇳 Senegal and 🇬🇭 Ghana, local language radio stations are helping keep smaller dialects alive.
🔍 Demographic note: Many African languages are still unwritten — so without audio or text documentation, once the last speaker dies, recovery becomes nearly impossible.
Technology is quietly becoming a lifeline for endangered languages.
Across the globe, new apps and online platforms are helping record, teach, and even revive rare languages.
Projects like Living Tongues and the Endangered Languages Project use mobile tech and crowdsourcing to document words, phrases, and grammar.
Duolingo offers courses in endangered languages like Navajo and Hawaiian. Meanwhile, AI-powered translation tools are being used in academic settings to map syntax and phonetics of rare dialects.
And increasingly, social media is playing a role — young people in 🇮🇩 Indonesia, 🇨🇦 Canada, and 🇧🇷 Brazil use TikTok and Instagram to teach and celebrate their ancestral tongues.
🔍 Interesting twist: A Minecraft mod now allows players to navigate the game in multiple Indigenous languages — turning digital play into a form of cultural preservation.
This graph shows how many endangered languages per country have been digitally documented using modern tools like archives and transcription tech.
How education systems and government policy determine linguistic survival.
The presence — or absence — of a language in school curricula is a major predictor of its survival. In many countries, national education policies favor one or two dominant languages.
In 🇮🇳 India, children are encouraged to speak Hindi or English over local languages. In 🇫🇷 France, regional languages like Breton and Occitan are taught in fewer and fewer schools.
On the flip side, 🏴 Wales has made Welsh compulsory in schools — and it’s now enjoying a resurgence, especially among young people.
Language policy is rarely just about communication; it often reflects broader issues of national identity, unity, and access to opportunity.
🔍 Policy impact: A study from the University of Cambridge found that when a language is removed from early education, fluency drops by 80% within two generations.
Language is one of the most human things we do. It’s how we pass down stories, make sense of the world, and stay connected across generations. When a language fades, it’s not just words we lose — it’s a unique way of seeing and remembering.
Thanks for joining us on this journey. The more we understand what’s quietly changing in the world, the better we can navigate what lies ahead — for ourselves and for the people we care about.
Warm regards,
Shane Fulmer
Founder, WorldPopulationReview.com
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